J/ApJS/105/419 J/ApJS/105/419 Moderate-Res Spectral Atlas of Carbon Stars C Barnbaum R P S Stone P C Keenan Astrophys. J. Supp. 105 419 1996 1996ApJS..105..419B III/150 : Perkins Revised MK Types for the Cooler Stars (Keenan+ 1989) Barnbaum C., Stone R.P.S., and Keenan P.C. 1996, ApJS 105, 419 =1996ApJS..105..419B Keenan, P. C. 1993, PASP, 105, 905 =1993PASP..105..905K Keenan, P. C. and Morgan, W. W. 1941, ApJ, 94, 501 =1941ApJ....94..501K Spectra Spectral types Stars stars: carbon The authors compiled this moderate-resolution spectral atlas to aid in the classification of carbon stars on the Revised MK System (Keenan 1993) as refined and extended by the present work. Hence the main purpose of this atlas is to permit rapid and reasonably accurate comparison of the properties of carbon stars in the Solar neighborhood with those in the Galactic bulge, the Magellanic Clouds, and in other nearby external systems. The classification scheme employed makes no assumptions about evolutionary status of the stars but is based entirely on observable criteria. Spectra of 39 stars are presented in detail, along with a catalog of 119 carbon stars classified according to the Revised MK System. Included is a catalog of spectral types for 119 carbon stars classified according to the Revised MK scheme. The catalog lists the classification for each star, variability type (from Kholopov 1985), and instrument used.

Except for the early R stars, most carbon stars have spectra so densely occupied by bands of carbon compounds that nearly all the atomic lines that normally provide the criteria for spectral classification are either distorted or obliterated. It is this complexity that makes it so difficult to sort the spectra into types that can be calibrated in terms of fundamental physical variables: effective temperature (Teff), luminosity, and composition. Nevertheless, the authors have been able to assign temperature types, luminosity classes (at least for the R stars) and abundance indices for the principal compounds of carbon. The C2 index is included in the type for every carbon star; it seems to be the best measure of the ratio of carbon to oxygen. In using the index, allowance must be made for its sensitivity to temperature also. The C2 index runs from 1 to 5, indicating that the strong bands at 4737 and 5135 A are barely visible at the atlas scale. Other indices are included in the type only when it appears necessary to call attention to the behavior of a particular feature. Thus, for example, a CH index of 3.5 or greater defines a CH star. Since the relative strengths of the bands of carbon compounds containing the isotopes 12C and 13C differ widely in different kinds of carbon stars, an isotopic index, j, is used as a measure of 12C/13C. The index and its range from 1 to 5 agree with the usage of Yamashita (1972). Normally this index is included in the type only when j > 3.5 which defines an isotopic (or J) star. The relation of the index to isotopic ratio is shown in Table 1 of Barnbaum et al (1996). Notation, however, is not the only problem. Both theory and observation have made it clear that an excess of carbon over oxygen can appear in the atmospheres of stars of different masses or original composition at different stages of their evolution. The new classification attempts to assign different spectral types to members of different spectroscopic groups. The spectra: The spectral files are the data for the standard Carbon Stars in Figs 1 and 2 of Barnbaum et al. (1996).

lambda wavelength in Angstroem 0.1nm flux relative or normalized flux --- HD HD number --- HDsuffix HD suffix --- alt BD number or name --- Sp Spectral Classification: Type --- C2 Spectral Classification: C2 index --- OtherIdx Spectral Classification: Other index --- LClass Spectral Classification: Luminosity Class --- Var Var. (?) --- RAh Right Ascension (J2000) hours h RAm Right Ascension (J2000) minutes min RAs Right Ascension (J2000) seconds s DE- Declination (J2000) sign --- DEd Declination (J2000) degrees deg DEm Declination (J2000) arcmin arcmin notes Key to the notes a Instrument used for classification if not Kast or echelle on 1 m telescope: photographic plates taken at CTIO for the southern stars and at Lowell Observatory for the northern stars, all at similar resolution to the Kast spectra b Instrument used for classification if not Kast or echelle on 1 m telescope: Hamilton echelle spectrograph on the 3m telescope from the Barnbaum atlas c The spectral types for these stars have been slightly revised from those presented in Keenan 1993. d Special Notes: DY Per -- This star has shown sudden drops in brightness of the order of 3 magnitudes in several passbands. The type given here applies to normal maximum light. TW Hor = BS 917 = HD20234 -- This is Herschel's red star. TU Tau, FU Aur, GK Ori, CoD-262983, UU Aur, GY Mon, AC Pup, V901 Sco, SS Sgr -- No observations in the blue region. RT Pup -- a marginal J star. HD 100764 -- A peculiar star; see the description of the spectrum in Fig. 1a of Barnbaum et al. 1996 West 079-02: abbreviated ID for: Westerlund 079-02 -- This is the very red star seen by J. Herschel very close to b Cru. HD 148839 -- All spectral features very weak, as is generally true of C-Hd stars. This star also has a high velocity. V460 Cyg = HD 206570 = BS 8297 -- In older catalogs designated as DS Peg. EU And, BM Gem, and V778 Cyg -- carbon stars with oxygen-rich dust. The Spectral Classes (Extract from the source reference): R Stars: Type C-R --- These are the warmest of the carbon stars, with the exception of a few early CH stars. For most of them, the blue region is accessible to observation, and atmospheric analyses have shown that they have nearly solar abundances of the s-process elements. Hence, the usual ratios (Sr II blend 4077/Fe 4063, 4071 and Fe, Y II 4376/Fe 4383) can be used to assign luminosity classes. J Stars: Type C-J--- Spectroscopic criteria for identifying J stars are conspicuous enough to justify their being assigned to a different spectral class. In the blue region the 12C13C band at 4752 can be clearly seen even at rather low-resolution. For the red region Gordon (1967) defined a J star as one in which the strength of the 6168 C2 band is half the strength of 6122, and we assign isotopic indices of j=4.5 or greater to the J stars from this ratio and that of the CN bands at 6260 and 6206. (This corresponds to a range of 12C/13C from a bout 2 to 6.) The J stars include most of the stars that had been called either late R stars or early N stars in various catalogs and were provisionally assigned to the class C-RN by Keenan (1993). N stars: Type C-N--- These are the best known carbon stars and the ones most easily detected in infrared surveys. They are usually recognized by their extreme redness with a strong blue depression often nearly obliterating the spectrum below 4400 A. The isotopic bands are consistently weak, while lines of s-process elements, particularly Ba, are more enhanced than in R stars. The range of 12C/13C in N stars is usually from 30 to 70. Hydrogen-Deficient Carbon Stars: Type C-Hd--- We have classified here only the rare C-Hd stars that have nearly constant light (3 stars in Table 4) and have omitted R CrB variables whose spectra, like Miras, originate in different levels of their atmosphere depending on phase. The C-Hd stars are easily recognized; their spectral features resemble those of late G-type supergiants of luminosity class Ib except for the presence of CN and C2 and the almost complete absence of the G-band of CH and the lines of hydrogen. It is unclear whether the weakly variable C-Hd stars are R CrB variables at some other period of their history, or whether the two groups follow different evolutionary paths. CH Stars: Type C-H--- CH stars have long been recognized as Population II analogues of the R stars. Their range of temperatures is similar, but their distribution and high space motions relative to the sun place most of them in the Galactic halo. Spectroscopically, they are recognized by the dominance of CH bands in the blue region. Care must be taken, however, not to rely on the strength of the G-band alone, for, in an early carbon star with abundant carbon, it is nearly saturated. More useful are the secondary P-branch head near 4342 A and the weakening of features such as Ca 4226 by the network of faint bands of the same system. Barium Stars: Type Ba--- These are generally of temperature sequence G8 to K2 with the ionic lines of Ba, Sr, and Y greatly enhanced in their spectra, and for that very reason it is difficult to assign individual spectroscopic absolute magnitudes to them. Analyses of the high-resolution spectrograms, however, are most consistent with a giant luminosity. They probably have a considerable spread in luminosities, and a few appear to be subgiants. --- Paul Kuin NASA/ADC 1997Feb24 UNKNOWN UNKNOWN The data were received by the ADC in June 1996. The file names were changed to conform to the standards used. J_ApJS_105_419.xml